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UE4 PBR MATERIAL OPTIONS FOR MAYA (developed in Python 2.7 with a MEL-based GUI)

The UE4 PBR Material Options tool was developed in Python/MEL for Maya and selection-based use. It allows artists to iterate faster on PBR content in Maya for a seamless integration into the UE4 environment. This tool can name/assign/create materials and delete unused ones without needing to open the Hypershade, import textures with a material auto-setup process, live/selection-based texture reloading, export meshes/textures into organized subdirectories for auto-reimporting into UE4, check/notify the user if the tool is being used in unsupported ways, and to calculate lightmap densities based on UE4’s Ideal Density value.

Below is a tech demo and sample Python/MEL code for the UE4 PBR Material Options tool. In addition, you can click and drag the code box's lower right-hand corner to expand it.

# Imported modules.
import maya.cmds
import maya.mel as mel
from sys import exit
from glob import glob
from os import path, remove, rename
from shutil import copy2
from math import sqrt

for object in _meshSelection:

      # Gets the polygonal surface area in cm/world space.
      _surfaceArea = (cmds.polyEvaluate(object, worldArea=True))

      # Gets the square root of the surface area to convert it to a squared resolution.
      _sqrtSurfaceArea = (sqrt(_surfaceArea))

      # Converts the cm squared resolution to a m squared resolution.
      _meterStandard = (_sqrtSurfaceArea / _cmToM)

      # Gets the UE4 Ideal Lmap Density value for the mesh based off the polygonal surface area.
      _ue4IdealdLmapSurfaceAreaDen = (_meterStandard * (_idealLmapDenRatio * _userDensity))

      # Gets the names of all the UV sets for the current object.
      _uvSetNames = cmds.polyUVSet(object, query=True, allUVSets=True)

      # If the user chooses an UV set index value that's greater than what the current object contains, the object is skipped.
      if _userUvIndex > (len(_uvSetNames) - 1):
          _outOfRangeUvIndex.append(object)
          continue

UE4 CUSTOM VIEW MODES (developed in UE 4.22)

The UE4 custom view modes below help artists visually problem-solve different aspects of their materials and lighting. Some of the debug overlays are for out-of-range PBR values, nit/false color/roughness complexity heatmaps, Rec.709 broadcast legal levels, AO coloring, a zebra pattern function, film grain, and luminance visualizers for base color/focal point control.

SUBSTANCE DESIGNER PBR UTILITY NODES FOR UE4

These PBR utility nodes were designed to work within UE4's PBR range. Three of them use physically-based data for dielectric, metallic, and specular presets. Another validates whether your dielectric/metallic albedo values are within/outside UE4's PBR range, while the final PBR utility node can adjust out-of-range base colors.

UE4 NEUTRAL LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT (developed in UE 4.18)

The neutral lighting environment below uses all dynamic effects, like LPVs, DFAO, SSR, SSAO, RTDF, volumetric lighting, Convolution Bloom, bokeh lens flares, utilization of real-world data, etc., for quick material/asset testing without the need to bake lighting. The scene includes varying, physically-approximated TODs, tools, and PBR materials for visual reference.

PBR LIGHTING GUIDE

• Section Links: Light Terms Guide | Light Values Guide | Color Temperature Guide | EV100 Guide | Sunny 16 Rule Guide

Note: This guide assumes the reader has a basic understanding of PBR.

Generally, daytime lighting has a ~4:1 sun/sky (direct light vs shade) intensity ratio, sunrise/sunset is ~3:1, and overcast is ~2:1. However, since lighting conditions vary by location, time of day, weather, pollution/atmosphere, season, etc., the values listed below should only be used as a guide.

LIGHT TERMS GUIDE

TERM	DEFINITION
Lumen	Total emitted light.
Cd/m² or Nit	(cd = candela) Light source intensity per square meter.
Lux	Reflected surface illuminance. Also, 1 lux = 1 lm/m², or a 1 cd light at 1 m = 1 lux.
IRE	Video exposure unit.
Inverse Square Falloff	Describes physical light falloff. Also, intensity (cd) ∝ 1/square of the distance.
Energy Conservation	Reflected light is never brighter than its cast light.
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function	(BRDF) Defines reflected light.
Direct Light	Light source light.
Indirect Light	Bounce light.
Ambient Light	Surrounding environment light.
Diffuse Light	Reflected surface light.
Key Light	Primary light source.
Fill/Helper Light	Supplementary light used to brighten shadows/content and/or to simulate bounce light.
Rim Light	Light contouring subjects for background separation, thus implying depth.
Motivated Light	Light that simulates physical light sources, like a light bulb or window.
Unmotivated Light	Support light that doesn't have a physical representation.
High-Key Lighting	Bright, low-contrast lighting.
Low-Key Lighting	Dark, high-contrast lighting.
Azimuth	Horizontal angle of the sun’s position.
Zenith	Vertical angle of the sun’s altitude.

LIGHT VALUES GUIDE

DESCRIPTION	LIGHT CD/M² or NIT VALUES
Brightest Sunlight	120,000 lux
Sunlight Range	30,000 - 120,000 lux
Bright Sunlight	111,000 lux
White Paper at Sunny Noon	25,000 cd/m²
Clear, Midday Shade	20,000 lux
Fluorescent Lights	12,000 cd/m²
Brightest, White Clouds	10,000 cd/m²
Average, Clear Sky	5,000 - 7,000 cd/m²
Midday Overcast	1,000 - 2,000 lux
HDR10 LCD Monitor	1,000 cd/m²
Clear Sunrise/Sunset	400 lux
LCD Monitor Peak Luminance	250 cd/m²
Thickest, Midday Storm Clouds	< 200 lux
sRGB Reference Monitor White	80 cd/m²
Sunrise/Sunset Overcast	40 lux
Floodlit Buildings	2 cd/m²
Thickest Sunrise/Sunset Storm Clouds	< 1 lux
Clear Night with Full Moon	0.25 lux
Clear Night with Quarter Moon	0.01 lux
Clear, Moonless Night with Airglow	0.002 lux
Clear, Moonless Night	0.0002 lux
Moonless Night Overcast	0.0001 lux

COLOR TEMPERATURE GUIDE

Color temperature (K) is defined by the temperature of a blackbody emitting light with a particular color. Blackbodies also absorb all light casted onto them.

Below are color temperature examples with values listed in sRGB first with corresponding sRGB color swatches.

DESCRIPTION	COLOR TEMPERATURE	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Clear, Blue Sky	10,000+	◼	sRGB = cfdaff Linear RGB = 9fb3ff	sRGB = (207, 218, 255) Linear RGB = (159, 179, 255)	sRGB = (0.812, 0.855, 1) Linear RGB = (0.624, 0.702, 1)
Hazy Sky	8,000	◼	sRGB = e5e9ff Linear RGB = c8d0ff	sRGB = (229, 233, 255) Linear RGB = (200, 208, 255)	sRGB = (0.898, 0.914, 1) Linear RGB = (0.784, 0.816, 1)
Outdoor Shade	7,000 - 8,000	◼-◼	sRGB = f7f5ff - e5e9ff Linear RGB = eee9ff - c8d0ff	sRGB = (247, 245, 255) - (229, 233, 255) Linear RGB = (238, 233, 255) - (200, 208, 255)	sRGB = (0.969, 0.961, 1) - (0.898, 0.914, 1) Linear RGB = (0.933, 0.914, 1) - (0.784, 0.816, 1)
Daytime Overcast	6,000 - 7,000	◼-◼	sRGB = fff4ed - f7f5ff Linear RGB = ffe7d8 - eee9ff	sRGB = (255, 244, 237) - (247, 245, 255) Linear RGB = (255, 231, 216) - (238, 233, 255)	sRGB = (1, 0.957, 0.929) - (0.969, 0.961, 1) Linear RGB = (1, 0.906, 0.847) - (0.933, 0.914, 1)
LCD Monitor	6,500	◼	sRGB = fff9fb Linear RGB = fff2f6	sRGB = (255, 249, 251) Linear RGB = (255, 242, 246)	sRGB = (1, 0.976, 0.984) Linear RGB = (1, 0.949, 0.965)
Noon and Camera/Studio Flash	5,500	◼	sRGB = ffeede Linear RGB = ffdaba	sRGB = (255, 238, 222) Linear RGB = (255, 218, 186)	sRGB = (1, 0.933, 0.871) Linear RGB = (1, 0.855, 0.729)
Early Morning/Evening - Afternoon	3,500 - 5,000	◼-◼	sRGB = ffc987 - ffe7cc Linear RGB = ff953e - ffcc9a	sRGB = (255, 201, 135) - (255, 231, 204) Linear RGB = (255, 149, 62) - (255, 204, 154)	sRGB = (1, 0.788, 0.529) - (1, 0.906, 0.8) Linear RGB = (1, 0.584, 0.241) - (1, 0.8, 0.604)
Fluorescent Lights	4,000	◼	sRGB = ffd5a1 Linear RGB = ffaa5b	sRGB = (255, 213, 161) Linear RGB = (255, 170, 91)	sRGB = (1, 0.835, 0.631) Linear RGB = (1, 0.667, 0.357)
1-hour After Sunrise/Before Sunset	3,500 - 3,600	◼-◼	sRGB = ffc987 - ffcb8d Linear RGB = ff953e - ff9844	sRGB = (255, 201, 135) - (255, 203, 141) Linear RGB = (255, 149, 62) - (255, 152, 68)	sRGB = (1, 0.788, 0.529) - (1, 0.796, 0.553) Linear RGB = (1, 0.584, 0.243) - (1, 0.596, 0.267)
Studio/Photoflood Lamps and Tungsten Lights	3,200	◼	sRGB = ffc076 Linear RGB = ff862e	sRGB = (255, 192, 118) Linear RGB = (255, 134, 46)	sRGB = (1, 0.753, 0.463) Linear RGB = (1, 0.525, 0.18)
Sunrise/Sunset	1,850 - 3,100	◼-◼	sRGB = ff8500 - ffbd6f Linear RGB = ff3c00 - ff8228	sRGB = (255, 133, 0) - (255, 189, 111) Linear RGB = (255, 60, 0) - (255, 130, 40)	sRGB = (1, 0.522, 0) - (1, 0.741, 0.435) Linear RGB = (1, 0.235, 0) - (1, 0.51, 0.157)
Halogen Lights	3,000	◼	sRGB = ffb969 Linear RGB = ff7c24	sRGB = (1, 185, 105) Linear RGB = (255, 124, 36)	sRGB = (1, 0.725, 0.412) Linear RGB = (1, 0.486, 0.141)
Incandescent Lights	2,400 - 2,800	◼-◼	sRGB = ffa23c - ffb25b Linear RGB = ff5c0b - ff711a	sRGB = (255, 162, 60) - (255, 178, 91) Linear RGB = (255, 92, 11) - (255, 113, 26)	sRGB = (1, 0.635, 0.235) - (1, 0.698, 0.357) Linear RGB = (1, 0.361, 0.043) - (1, 0.443, 0.102)
High-Pressure Sodium Lights	2,200	◼	sRGB = ff9829 Linear RGB = ff5005	sRGB = (255, 152, 41) Linear RGB = (255, 80, 5)	sRGB = (1, 0.596, 0.161) Linear RGB = (1, 0.314, 0.02)
Candle Flame	1,850	◼	sRGB = ff8500 Linear RGB = ff3c00	sRGB = (255, 133, 0) Linear RGB = (255, 60, 0)	sRGB = (1, 0.522, 0) Linear RGB = (1, 0.235, 0)
Match Flame	1,700 - 1,800	◼-◼	sRGB = ff7c00 - ff8200 Linear RGB = ff3300 - ff3900	sRGB = (255, 124, 0) - (255, 130, 0) Linear RGB = (255, 51, 0) - (255, 57, 0)	sRGB = (1, 0.486, 0) - (1, 0.51, 0) Linear RGB = (1, 0.2, 0) - (1, 0.224, 0)
Low-Pressure Sodium Lights	1,700	◼	sRGB = ff7c00 Linear RGB = ff3300	sRGB = (255, 124, 0) Linear RGB = (255, 51, 0)	sRGB = (1, 0.486, 0) Linear RGB = (1, 0.2, 0)

EV100 GUIDE

The combination of the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO define the exposure value. Below is an EV100 formula and guide.

EV100 FORMULA

Note: Shutter Speed = (1 / Time) = Fraction of a Second
EV100 = ( log2(Aperture² / (Shutter Speed) * 100 / ISO) )

DESCRIPTION	EV100
Bright Sunlight on Sand/Snow (distinct shadows)	16
Clear, Bright Sunlight (Sunny 16 Rule/distinct shadows)	15
Hazy Sunlight (soft shadows)	14-15
Before Sunset	12-14
Bright and Cloudy (no shadows)	13
Overcast and Shade with Clear Sunlight	12
Sunset	11-12
After Sunset	9-11
Galleries	8-11
Neon/Bright Signs	9-10
Sport Events and Stage Shows	8-9
Bright Streets, Window Displays, and Office Spaces	7-8
Rainforests	7
Fairs and Amusement Parks	6-7
Home Interiors	5-7
Night Traffic	5
Christmas Lights	4-5
Floodlit Buildings	3-5
Street Lamps and Candle Close-ups	4
Fireworks	3
Lightning	2
Distant, Lit Skylines	1-2

SUNNY 16 RULE GUIDE

The Sunny 16 Rule, which can be viewed in the chart below, approximates correct daylight exposures without a light meter. The camera's ISO and shutter speed share a reciprocal relationship.

ISO	SUNNY - f/22 (sand/snow) SHUTTER SPEED	SUNNY - f/16 (strong shadows) SHUTTER SPEED	PARTLY CLOUDY - f/11 (soft shadows) SHUTTER SPEED	CLOUDY - f/8 (faint shadows) SHUTTER SPEED	CLOUDY - f/5.6 (no shadows) SHUTTER SPEED	SUNSET - f/4 (long shadows) SHUTTER SPEED
100	1/100 or 1/125	1/100 or 1/125	1/100 or 1/125	1/100 or 1/125	1/100 or 1/125	1/100 or 1/125
200	1/200 or 1/250	1/200 or 1/250	1/200 or 1/250	1/200 or 1/250	1/200 or 1/250	1/200 or 1/250
400	1/400 or 1/500	1/400 or 1/500	1/400 or 1/500	1/400 or 1/500	1/400 or 1/500	1/400 or 1/500
800	1/800 or 1/1,000	1/800 or 1/1,000	1/800 or 1/1,000	1/800 or 1/1,000	1/800 or 1/1,000	1/800 or 1/1,000

UE4 PBR LIGHTING GUIDE (requires UE 4.21+)

• Sun: Uses lux values with an angular diameter of 0.5357. You can apply Light Values Guide and Color Temperature Guide data to sun Intensity/Temperature parameters.

Note: If you’re trying to align the sun’s location to one in a skybox texture, you can use the UE4’s BP_Sky_Sphere to assist you. This can be achieved by either adjusting the sun’s position to match the skybox’s sun or by rotating the skybox itself. By toggling the visibility of the BP_Sky_Sphere, making sure you have the correct directional light actor assigned to it, and refreshing its material to update its procedural sun texture whenever you make sun rotational changes, can this process then visually help you align the sun to the skybox’s sun. Techniques for skybox setup can be found in either The Matted, White Paper Test or UE4 Cubemap Orientation Guide sections.

The Sun Position Calculator renders geographically accurate sun location, date, and time of day. To use the BP_SunPosition, a BP_Sky_Sphere is required to move the sun disk and orient the Directional Light (It also needs to be assigned to the BP_Sky_Sphere.), which should be set to Moveable for dynamic sun angle change. Additionally, the BP_SunPosition gizmo's (seen below) rotation property should not be modified, as this attribute is driven by its North Offset parameter.

Below are BP_SunPosition attributes and their descriptions.

ATTRIBUTE	DESCRIPTION
Latitude	Positive values are east of the prime meridian, while negative ones are west of it.
Longitude	Positive values are north of the equator, while negative ones are south of it.
Time Zone	Offsets the hour amount from UCT/GMT.
North Offset	Rotates the BP_SunPosition's orientation.
Date and Time	Sets the time of year/day. Options include year, month, day, daylight-saving time, hour, minute, and second.

• Sky: Uses cd/m², or nit, values. The sky luminance is determined by the HDRI's pixel intensity values multiplied against the Sky Light's Intensity parameter. You can apply Light Values Guide data to sky intensity values.

Note: The Pixel Inspector (Window > Developer Tools > Pixel Inspector) can analyze scene pixels for sky intensity values via its HDR Luminance reader. (This method can be used to standardize emissive texture values.)

• Spot/Point/Rect Lights: Uses unitless, candela, or lumen values. (The light must have Inverse Squared Falloff enabled to specify the light unit. When disabled, low-intensity fill/helper lights can be used when hot spots near light sources are undesired.) You can apply Light Values Guide and Color Temperature Guide data to lights' Intensity/Temperature parameters.

Note: The default light unit can be set in the Project Settings. (Project Settings > Rendering > Light Units) However, this can be overridden on a per-light level in the Details panel. Also, when using candelas units, cone angle does not affect the light's intensity. The opposite is true when using lumen values. (The smaller the cone angle, the stronger the surface illuminance intensity.)

Below defines the relationships between light types and physical light unit formulas used in UE4.

UNIT TYPE	FORMULAS
General Units	Note: sr = Steradians 1 cd = 625 Unitless Values 1 cd = 1 lm/sr
Point Lights	Solid Angle = (4π sr) Illuminance (1 lm) ≈ ( 49.7 * Illuminance (1 Unitless Value) ) Illuminance (1 cd) ≈ ( 12.6 * Illuminance (1 lm) )
Spot Lights	Solid Angle = ( 2π * (1 - cos(θ)) ) and θ = Light Cone Half Angle Illuminance (1 lm) ≈ ( 99.5 / (1 - cos(θ)) * Illuminance (1 Unitless Value) )
Default Spot Light Cone	Solid Angle ≈ 1.76 sr and θ = 44° Illuminance (1 lm) ≈ ( 354 * Illuminance (1 Unitless Value) for a Default Spot Light ) Illuminance (1 cd) ≈ ( 1.76 * Illuminance (1 lm) for a Default Spot Light )
Rect Lights	Solid Angle = (2p sr) Illuminance (1 lm) ≈ ( 199 * Illuminance (1 Unitless Value) ) Illuminance (1 cd) ≈ ( 3.14 * Illuminance (1 lm) )

Note: Using the r.Shadow.FilterMethod console variable with a value of 1, enables PCSS Shadows. This shadow type uses shadow maps but it does not utilize the default PCF filter. While PCSS Shadows are not physically-correct, they soften with distance from the shadow caster.

• Emissive materials: Uses cd/m2 for pixel luminance. This is utilized by emissive materials (Materials set to Unlit in the Material Editor.) applied to static meshes with their Use Emissive for Static Lighting setting enabled. The Emissive Boost property scales the static light intensity emitted from the emissive material. This can also be achieved by multiplying an emissive texture against a value in the Material Editor. You can apply Light Values Guide and Color Temperature Guide data to emissive values.

• Volumetric Fog can be used by adding an Exponential Height Fog to your scene and enabling its Volumetric Fog option. It’s recommended whenever you are roughing in your scene’s lighting, always start with sun, sky, and fog elements due to their relationship to one another.

For lights to interact with Volumetric Fog, you need to enable/adjust their Volumetric Scatter Intensity and Cast Volumetric Shadow parameters. Movable/stationary lights yield higher-resolution results with Volumetric Fog than static lights/volumetric lightmaps.

Note: Atmospheric Fog simulates scattered light through the atmosphere. It can be layered with Volumetric Fog (close-up fog) and used for fog fx near the horizon.

• To set/measure the sky's average luminance in cd/m², or nits, sample sky intensity values from midtone areas via the Pixel Inspector. Since reading individual pixels can vary, it’s best to average large portions of pixel values first for easier sky analysis. This can be achieved by loading the sky texture into the Texture Properties Editor, lowering its resolution or by increasing its mip level, saving it, and then analyzing the lower-resolution sky in the viewport. Techniques for adjusting sky intensity values can be found in The Matted, White Paper Test section.

Below is an example of an adjusted sky texture’s mip level. The one on the left has a resolution of 4,096 x 2,048 (mip level: 0), and the one on the right has a resolution of 32 x 16. (mip level: 7) It's important to note that each lower mip map level is half the resolution as its previous one.

Note: Sky Lights capture scenes in a cubemap format for ambient lighting and reflection contributions. (The lowest mip map level of a cubemap is used for ambient lighting, while the higher levels are for reflections/roughness textures.) You can add color to the lower hemisphere of your environment light by enabling the Lower Hemisphere is Solid Color option and adjusting the Sky Light’s Lower Hemisphere Color parameter. This can be used to simulate the average, reflected ground light/color. You can also leave the color black to only have ambient light cast from the upper hemisphere. (Sky color controls exterior shadow color.) This method allows baked bounce light to be more accurate for local, reflected ground light/color.

• Physically-based camera exposure can be controlled by the EV100 editor overrides, which is located in the viewport's Lit menu. If you choose to use it, uncheck the Game Settings first. You can apply EV100 Guide data to EV100 editor override values.

For additional control over physical camera attributes, you can use the Post Process Volume’s camera parameters. (Post Process Volume > Lens > Exposure > Metering Mode: Manual – the Camera options then become active.) It’s advised to leave the tonemapper alone unless you're trying to mimic a specific film stock. Further, you can apply Sunny 16 Rule Guide data to the Manual metering mode.

Below are physical camera properties and their descriptions.

ATTRIBUTE	DESCRIPTION
Aperture	Controls the amount of light that enters the camera via its opening size, as well as depth of field.
Shutter Speed	The length of time film is exposed to light, which also determines motion blur amounts.
ISO	The camera sensor's sensitivity to light.

• Auto-exposure targets an average scene luminance equal to the Constant Calibration value, and it's histogram-based. Since there are different versions of eye adaptation, the following information covers a few of these options.

In the Post Process Volume, you can enable the Metering Mode to Auto Exposure Basic (Post Process Volume > Lens > Exposure > Metering Mode: Auto Exposure Basic) and still use UE4's PBR lighting system. For scenes that contain much higher luminance ranges, it’s recommended to switch to Min/Max EV100 settings (Edit > Project Settings > Rendering > Default Settings > Extend default luminance range in Auto Exposure settings) for proper auto-adjustments. (Min/Max EV100 replaces the Min/Max Brightness options in the Post Process Volume.) You can apply EV100 Guide data to Min/Max EV100 values. Below are common exposure properties these two methods share.

ATTRIBUTE	DESCRIPTION
Exposure Compensation	Adds stops (2^ExpComp) onto the set exposure.
Min/Max Brightness	The clamped range the camera auto-adjusts within. By default, it uses cd/m², unless Min/Max EV100 is enabled.
Speed Up	Dark-to-light exposure adaption.
Speed Down	Light-to-dark exposure adaption.
Calibration Constant	Targets an average scene luminance (18%-albedo) and is used for white balancing.

Note: When Min Brightness = Max Brightness, auto-exposure is disabled. By increasing or decreasing the exposure by 1-stop, the brightness will either be doubled or halved. Moreover, sunny scenes typically work better with larger exposure ranges, while cloudy environments use smaller ones due to more evenly diffuse lighting.

The HDR Histogram, expressed in EV100, is used by the auto-exposure to adapt the camera to the scene's luminance range. (Show > Visualize > HDR (Eye Adaptation))

Note: If Pre-exposure (Project Setting > Engine > Rendering > Apply Pre-exposure before writing to the scene color) is enabled, previous frame scene exposure is applied to the shaders. This is beneficial for bright lights and increased Auto Exposure Basic quality.

Note: The Pixel Inspector can analyze pre-exposure values.

• Since light calculations occur in linear color space, it’s advised to sometimes view sRGB albedo textures in this format to better understand how base colors impact lighting. (Typically, linear values are darker than sRGB ones.) For example, linear albedo values that appear too dark may not bounce enough light due to its high-absorption properties, thus potentially flattening baked lighting results. Inversely, linear albedo values that are very bright may reflect too much indirect light, creating a scene that could be hard to balance. (Most dielectric albedo colors exist in the sRGB midtones, while a majority of metallic albedo colors reside in the 218-255 sRGB range.) Finally, albedo values that are too saturated may scatter overly-colored bounce light, rendering a potentially undesirable look. You can visit the Albedo Luminance Range section for more information on suggested PBR base color value ranges. Below are other material properties to consider regarding light interactivity.

MATERIAL	DESCRIPTION
Transparent	Low-absorption and no scattering.
Translucent	Low-absorption and high-scattering.
Opaque	High-absorption or reflectance and low-scattering.

Note: UE4 uses the ACES Filmic Tonemapper to help map HDR values and wide color gamuts to LDR displays, and to future-proof content. While using the tone mapping function, visuals obtain higher-quality and more realistic results. For instance, as colors become more desaturated the brighter it gets, there's a reduction of flattened highlights, a greater use of contrast range, and shading/color is better preserved. (For comparative purposes, you can enable/disable the ACES Tonemapper by going to the Viewport > Show > Post Processing > Tonemapper.) In addition, the Rec.709 color profile is UE4’s default viewing space for LDR displays so that it can match broadcast standards used by console games.

UE4 REAL-TIME RAY TRACING GUIDE (requires UE 4.22+)

• Subsection Links: System Requirements | RT Components | Path Tracer | Post Process Volume RT Options | RT Shadow Attributes | General Optimization Tips and Tricks | Console Variables | Denoiser

UE4 real-time ray tracing supports shadows, reflections, translucency, ambient occlusion, and global illumination with a hybrid rendering approach. (Ray tracing/rasterization mix.)

• System Requirements

o Windows 10, Build 1809 or above
o DXR-compatible GPU (Nvidia RTX/GTX)
o UE 4.22 or above

In the UE4 Project Settings, the following attributes need to be enabled:
o Platforms > Windows > Default RHI > DirectX 12
o Engine > Rendering > Ray Tracing (Support Compute Skincache must also be enabled.)

• The guide below outlines each of the real-time ray tracing (RTRT) components.

RT COMPONENT	DEFINITION
Global Illumination (RTGI)	Diffuse component of bounce light.
Reflections (RTR)	Specular component of bounce light for whole-scene/inter-reflections.
Translucency (RTT)	Reflection, absorption, and refraction properties for transparent surfaces.
Ambient Occlusion (RTAO)	Blocked indirect light.
Shadows	Soft area shadows. Light size/source angle increases shadow softening over distance.

From left to right, are images of RTGI increasing in bounce amount.

Note: When RTGI is enabled, its settings and Denoiser, override the RTAO parameters. In addition, increased RT bounces cost more on performance.

From left to right, are images of RTR increasing in bounce amount.

• For quicker iteration time, the built-in path tracer renders unbaised, progressive, physically-based ground truth reference to compare/validate the real-time, ray traced results. It can be enabled via the Viewport > Lit > Path Tracing.

• The Post Process Volume contains many high-level parameters to control RT. (Post Process Volume > Details > Rendering Features) You can add more Post Process Volumes to a scene and determine which RT features are important for specific areas, like interior vs exterior spaces. The image below displays the various Post Process Volume RT attributes.

The guide below outlines the Post Process Volume RT attributes.

RT COMPONENT	ATTRIBUTE	DEFINITION
All	Samples Per Pixel	Number of samples per pixel.
RTGI/RTR/Path Tracer	Max Bounces	Maximum number of bounces for light/inter-reflections.
RTR/RTT	Type	Determines if RT or SSR/rasterized translucency is used.
RTR/RTT	Max Roughness	Roughness threshold for RT/rasterized methods.
RTR/RTT	Shadows	Sets reflected shadows to be hard, soft, or disabled.
RTAO	Intensity	RTAO intensity in indirect light.
RTAO	Radius	RTAO spread in UE4 units.
RTGI	Enabled	Enables/disables RTGI.
RTT	Max Refraction Rays	Maximum number of refraction rays.
RTT	Refraction	Toggles RT Translucency. If disabled, rays will not scatter.

• RT Shadow attributes are controlled by light sources.

The guide below lists the RT Shadow attributes.

LIGHT TYPE	ATTRIBUTE	DEFINITION
All Lights	Cast Raytraced Shadow	Sets the light to use RT shadows or shadow maps.
All Lights	Affect Reflection	Determines if the light affects objects in RT reflections.
All Lights	Samples Per Pixel	Number of samples per pixel for RT shadows.
Sun	Source Angle	Angular diameter. Smaller angles = sharper shadows. Larger angles = softer shadows.
Point/Spot	Source Radius	Smaller radius = sharper shadows. Larger radius = softer shadows.
Rect	Source Width/Height	Smaller values = sharper shadows. Larger values = softer shadows.
Rect	Barn Door Angle/Length	Shapes/softens shadows.

Note: Unless specified, RT Shadows can be drawn from an infinite distance. And, the larger the light's source angle/radius/size, the more expensive RT Shadows become.

• Below are general optimization tips and tricks for real-time RT.

o From cheapest to most expensive RT components: shadows, RTAO, RTR, and then RTGI. (Secondary/additional bounces can be more expensive than the first one due to more surface variance interactions.)

o For optimization, both RT and lightmap/rasterization techniques can be combined.

o Material complexity, as well as opacity masks, can impact RT performance. With the Material Editor's RayTracingQualitySwitch node (It supports RTR, RTT, and RTGI.), simplified representations of material graphs can be used for RT hit shaders. In addition, actors have a Visible in Ray Tracing option (Actor > Details > Rendering > Visible in Ray Tracing) to determine whether it gets calculated for RT or not.

o Using master materials with a few instances is cheaper on RT than having many shader permutations. (The fewer the shaders, the cheaper real-time RT becomes.)

o RTGI can be more expensive for interiors (More indoor bounces can occur, while outdoor rays discontinue once they exit the scene toward the sky. Not to mention directly lit areas render faster than indirect spaces, and larger scenes work better for RT than rasterized techniques.) than exteriors. Detailed geometry, or small holes/spaces (Vegetation or fences, for example.), can affect performance. Larger, geometric shapes work better.

o RTR is best suited for glossy reflections for accuracy and its cost can vary greatly based on roughness values. Fully-rough materials are the cheapest (They do not bounce reflection rays. Instead, they rely on cheaper, rasterized reflection techniques.), followed by fully-glossy surfaces (When rays bounce in the same direction, via ray coherency or a lack of ray variance, they become cheaper to calculate.), then near fully-glossy, and finally, roughness values around 0.5 to near fully-rough, being the most expensive. (The more ray traversal variance/noise, the more expensive.)

Note: No assigned roughness map/value is more expensive than setting it to a value of 1. By default, UE4 treats the roughness material property with a value of 0.5. And for optimal performance, either fully-rough or fully-glossy values work best for RTR. Additionally, controlling the RTR’s Max Roughness attribute can help optimize a scene by setting a threshold for the RTR effect.

o Shadowing is usually the most expensive reflection component, followed by direct light, and then indirect light/emissive surfaces.

o Like roughness textures, normal maps can impact RT costs due to bounce variance from differing pixel normal values. The more intense the normal map, the more expensive RT becomes.

o Minimize RT inter-reflections, as they can require multiple bounces.

o RT shadows can perform better than cascaded/dynamic shadow maps (This is due to RT being less sensitive to polycounts than rasterized techniques.), especially for outdoor environments. (Bounding volume hierarchies are used to minimize ray intersection tests.)

• The guide below is not designed to be a comprehensive list of all the RT console variables. Instead, it provides a collection of some features to help optimize and control a scene. High-level parameters available in the UI (Post Process Volume, light sources, actors, etc.) are not listed.

Note: [0|1] values are used for each console variable unless stated otherwise.

CONSOLE VARIABLE	DEFINITION
r.RayTracing.EnableMaterials	Toggles materials for RT and to test material cost.
r.RayTracing.Reflections.ScreenPercentage [50\|100]	Changes RTR resolution by a %.
r.RayTracing.GlobalIllumination.ScreenPercentage [25\|50\|100]	Changes RTGI resolution by a %.
r.RayTracing.GlobalIllumination.EvalSkylight	Toggles sky light RTGI.
r.RayTracing.Reflections.MinRayDistance [0-N]	Min RTR distance. (scene units) Rays that terminate before surface contact sample the sky.
r.RayTracing.Reflections.MaxRayDistance [0-N]	Max RTR distance. (scene units) Rays that terminate before surface contact sample the sky.
r.RayTracing.GlobalIllumination.MaxRayDistance [0-N]	Max RTGI distance. (scene units) Rays that terminate before surface contact do not contribute.
r.RayTracing.Reflections.HeightFog	Toggles Height Fog visibility in RTR.
r.RayTracing.Shadows.EnableTwoSidedGeometry	Toggles two-sided geo for RT shadows.
r.RayTracing.AmbientOcclusion.EnableTwoSidedGeometry	Toggles two-sided geo for RTAO.
r.RayTracing.SkyLight.EnableTwoSidedGeometry	Toggles two-sided geo for Sky Lights.
r.RayTracing.DebugForceOpaque	Toggles alpha masking.
r.RayTacing.Reflections.SortMaterials	Sorts RTR rays based on material coherence. There is an overhead cost, so performance may vary.

Note: Console variables can be implemented into the scene's Level Blueprint (Or via .ini files.) so they don’t have to be manually set up from the console. In the Level Blueprint, console variables can be added to Execute Console Command nodes.

• From left to right, are examples of the Denoiser and TAA filtering RT samples.

Currently, the Denoiser supports only 1 spp. While this process leads to some information loss, the results are comparable to non-denoised, multiple ssp, like in the images below.

THE MATTED, WHITE PAPER TEST (developed in UE 4.20)

To confirm the accuracy of UE4’s PBR lighting system without adjusting the Sky Light’s Intensity parameter, I created a simple scene to evaluate it with the Pixel Inspector. This test uses physical values of matted, white paper and real-world data for sun/sky intensities. You can click on the gallery images below to learn more about this process.

UE4 CUBEMAP ORIENTATION GUIDE (for custom-cubemapped skyboxes)

Cubemap panels need to be arranged in a specific manner for correct orientation in UE4. The chart below represents these panels in a horizontal strip format, ordered from left to right, as you go down the list.

AXIS	ROTATION
+X	90° CCW
-X	90° CW
+Y	180°
-Y	No Rotation
+Z	No Rotation
-Z	No Rotation

Note: Alternatively, you can import a 32-bit OpenEXR sky texture with an equirectangular, 2:1 aspect ratio, use it within a material, assign it to a sphere covering the whole background, and then capture the results in a cubemap via the Sky Light. Techniques for skybox setup can be found in The Matted, White Paper Test section.

GENERAL TEXTURING GUIDE

• Section Links: Texture Type Guide | Edge Padding Guide

Note: This guide assumes the reader has a basic understanding of PBR.

TEXTURE TYPE GUIDE

It’s important that textures are interpreted in the correct color space, so below is a guide to help with this process.

MAP	DESCRIPTION	# OF CHANNELS	COLOR SPACE
Albedo	Base colors with no lighting/spec/shading data. Most albedo values exist in the midtones.	3 \| RGB	sRGB
Normal	Baked, high-res surface detail with vector directionality data for direct light interaction.	3 \| RGB	Linear RGB
AO	Blocks ambient light.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Cavity	Micro-ambient occlusion.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Height	Surface elevation information.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Metallic	Determines if a material is a metal, dielectric, or a mix.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Opacity	Transparency.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Roughness	Defines reflective surface properties.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB
Transmissive	Controls scattered light passing through a surface.	1 \| Grayscale	Linear RGB

Note: Channel packing multiple grayscale maps into one texture can save on memory cost.

EDGE PADDING GUIDE

Proper edge padding can minimize color bleeding artifacts from mip mapping. The chart below displays different texture resolutions with corresponding edge padding values for UV shell spacing and downsizing of textures.

TEXTURE RESOLUTION	EDGE PADDING VALUES
256 x 256	2px
512 x 512	4px
1,024 x 1,024	8px
2,048 x 2,048	16px
4,096 x 4,096	≥ 16px

UE4 PBR MATERIAL GUIDE (requires UE 4.20+)

• Section Links: Albedo Luminance Range | Metallic Range | Roughness Range | Specular Guide | Index of Refraction Guide | Clear Coat Guide | Grays Guide | Gamma Conversion Guide | Dielectric Albedo Values Guide | Metallic Albedo Values Guide | Albedo Luminance Guide | Albedo Saturation % Guide

Note: This guide assumes the reader has a basic understanding of PBR.

UE4 supports the metallic/roughness PBR workflow. Some of the values listed below work best in UE4 and may not be suited for other applications. Further, UE4's environment and color picker live in linear color space, but artists typically work in sRGB. In effect, the following values are in sRGB first with corresponding sRGB color swatches.

Albedo LUMINANCE range

MATERIAL	DESCRIPTION	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Charcoal	Dielectric albedo values control reflected color and most exist in the midtone range. Charcoal is the darkest dielectric albedo value that should be used. Insulators don't typically have colored specular reflectivity, but lights affect reflected color.	◼	sRGB = 2b2b2b Linear RGB = 060606	sRGB = 43 Linear RGB = 5	sRGB = 0.17 Linear RGB = 0.02
Fresh Snow	Dielectric albedo values control reflected color and most exist in the midtone range. Fresh snow is the brightest dielectric albedo value that should be used. Insulators don't typically have colored specular reflectivity, but lights affect reflected color.	◼	sRGB = e8e8e8 Linear RGB = cecece	sRGB = 232 Linear RGB = 207	sRGB = 0.91 Linear RGB = 0.81
Metallic	Unlike dielectric base colors, metallic albedo brightness controls specular intensity, which can contain color. Conductive albedo values fall within this row’s range.	◼-◼	sRGB = d9d9d9 - ffffff Linear RGB = b1b1b1 - ffffff	sRGB = 217 - 255 Linear RGB = 179 - 255	sRGB = 0.85 - 1 Linear RGB = 0.7 - 1

Metallic Range

MATERIAL	DESCRIPTION	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Dielectric	On average, most dielectrics have a F0 value of 4% reflectivity and do not require a metallic map. If they are part of an asset that needs one, the non-metal portions should be black. Further, metallic map properties should represent the top layer of the material, like painted metal, which would not be metallic in this case.	◼	sRGB = 000000 Linear RGB = 000000	sRGB = 0 Linear RGB = 0	sRGB = 0 Linear RGB = 0
Metallic	This map determines whether the albedo map is treated as reflected color or metallic reflectance values. Most metals have a value of 1, and the metallic map is multiplied against the base color texture. You can have gradient transitions between insulators and conductors. Exceptions, like metalloids, may use values that are neither 0 or 1.	◼	sRGB = ffffff Linear RGB = ffffff	sRGB = 255 Linear RGB = 255	sRGB = 1 Linear RGB = 1

The images below display increasing dielectric-to-conductor metallic properties.

Roughness Range

The roughness map controls size/spread, sharpness, and light direction for rough/smooth reflective surface attributes. Real-world data is not used for its rendering, thus allowing for more artistic interpretation. The images below display increasing rough-to-glossy properties for both dielectric (top row) and metallic materials. (bottom row)

Note: Roughness and normal maps are used to describe micro/macro surface detail. Additionally, Composite Textures can help reduce specular aliasing and shimmering of normals maps by combining them with roughnesss maps, creating brighter, more matted roughness map variants.

Specular GUIDE

UE4’s specularity has a default value of 0.5, or 4% reflectance, to represent common dielectrics. (Metals are not affected by this property since their albedo maps control specular strength.) However, more unique materials, like semiconductors and gemstones, can be higher. Since all surfaces have some level of specular reflectivity, this property should never be set to 0. You can connect cavity maps to it, but they should first be multiplied against the default 0.5 value. This is for consistency with UE4’s average dielectric F0 reflectance value, while removing specularity in baked, micro-occluded areas.

UE4 remaps the normalized 0 - 1 range to 0 - 0.08 for specular input. This means UE4’s specular component can have a maximum of 8% for its dielectric F0 reflectance value. (F0 is the reflected light intensity at 0° to the view frustum. The “F” component is Fresnel, which describes varying reflected light strength based on viewing angle.) The formulas below calculate the dielectric F0 reflectance value from IOR, followed by applying a conversion for UE4 specular reflectivity use.

DIELECTRIC F0 REFLECTANCE VALUE FORMULA

( (1 - IOR) / (1 + IOR) )² = Dielectric F0 Reflectance Value
(Dielectric F0 Reflectance Value / 0.08) = UE4 Specular Reflectivity Value

MATERIAL	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Ice	◼	sRGB = 818181 Linear RGB = 383838	sRGB = 129 Linear RGB = 57	sRGB = 0.506 Linear RGB = 0.224
Water	◼	sRGB = 898989 Linear RGB = 404040	sRGB = 137 Linear RGB = 65	sRGB = 0.537 Linear RGB = 0.255
Milk	◼	sRGB = 8f8f8f Linear RGB = 464646	sRGB = 143 Linear RGB = 71	sRGB = 0.561 Linear RGB = 0.277
Skin	◼	sRGB = 9e9e9e Linear RGB = 575757	sRGB = 158 Linear RGB = 89	sRGB = 0.62 Linear RGB = 0.35
Glass	◼	sRGB = bababa Linear RGB = 7d7d7d	sRGB = 186 Linear RGB = 128	sRGB = 0.73 Linear RGB = 0.5
Plastic	◼	sRGB = bababa Linear RGB = 7d7d7d	sRGB = 186 Linear RGB = 128	sRGB = 0.73 Linear RGB = 0.5
Quartz	◼	sRGB = c5c5c5 Linear RGB = 8e8e8e	sRGB = 197 Linear RGB = 145	sRGB = 0.773 Linear RGB = 0.57

The images below display increasing specular properties.

Index of Refraction gUIDE

Index of Refraction, or IOR, describes how much light bends through medium to another. The values below are based on real-world, optical measurements.

MATERIAL	INDEX OF REFRACTION
Air	Linear Value = 1
Ice	Linear Value = 1.31
Water	Linear Value = 1.33
Common Dielectrics	Linear Value = 1.5
Glass	Linear Value = 1.52
Diamond	Linear Value = 2.42

The images below display increasing index of refraction properties.

CLEAR COAT GUIDE

Clear Coat simulates multilayered materials with dual normal/roughness parameters for a transparent film layer effect on top of dielectric/metallic surfaces. Examples of this kind of material include lacquer, films over car paint/soda cans, and carbon fiber. To use it in UE4, it first needs to be enabled within the Project Settings, followed by changing a material’s Shading Model to Clear Coat. The chart below covers some Clear Coat material properties.

ATTRIBUTE	DESCRIPTION
Clear Coat	Clear Coat layer strength. This should usually be set to 0 or 1. (black or white for a texture map)
Clear Coat Roughness	Clear Coat layer roughness attribute.
Normal	Clear Coat layer normal attribute.
Roughness	Bottom layer roughness attribute.
ClearCoatBottomNormal	Bottom layer normal attribute. This node needs to be added, with a normal map connected to it, for dual-normal/multidirectional direct light interaction.

The images below display increasing Clear Coat properties.

GRAYS GUIDE

GRAY	DESCRIPTION	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Neutral Gray	Neutral gray can be used for texturing.	◼	sRGB = bababa Linear RGB = 7d7d7d	sRGB = 186 Linear RGB = 128	sRGB = 0.73 Linear RGB = 0.5
Middle Gray	18%-gray can be used for lighting tests.	◼	sRGB = 757575 Linear RGB = 2d2d2d	sRGB = 117 Linear RGB = 46	sRGB = 0.46 Linear RGB = 0.18

Gamma Conversion GUIDE

GAMMA CONVERSION	FORMULAS
Gamma Correction-to-Linear RGB	( Gamma Correction Value ^ (1 / 2.2) ) = Linear RGB Value
Linear RGB-to-Gamma Correction	(Linear RGB Value ^ 2.2) = Gamma Correction Value
Normalized Gamma Correction-to-Normalized Linear RGB	(Normalized Gamma Correction Value ^ 2.2) = Normalized Linear RGB Value (Normalized Linear RGB Value * 255) = Linear RGB Channel Value
Normalized Linear RGB-to-Normalized Gamma Correction	( Normalized Linear RGB Value ^ (1 / 2.2) ) = Normalized Gamma Correction Value (Normalized Gamma Correction Value * 255) = Gamma Correction Channel Value

Dielectric ALBEDO VALUES GUIDE

MATERIAL	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES
Forged Iron	◼	sRGB = 3a383b Linear RGB = 0a0a0b	sRGB = (58, 56, 59) Linear RGB = (10, 9, 10)
Dark Soil	◼	sRGB = 553d31 Linear RGB = 170b07	sRGB = (85, 61, 49) Linear RGB = (23, 11, 7)
Worn Asphalt	◼	sRGB = 5b5b5b Linear RGB = 1a1a1a	sRGB = (91, 91, 91) Linear RGB = (26, 26, 26)
Varnished Wood	◼	sRGB = 875c3c Linear RGB = 3e1b0b	sRGB = (135, 92, 60) Linear RGB = (63, 27, 11)
Tree Bark	◼	sRGB = 72675b Linear RGB = 2b221a	sRGB = (114, 103, 91) Linear RGB = (43, 35, 26)
Green Vegetation	◼	sRGB = 7b824e Linear RGB = 323913	sRGB = (123, 130, 78) Linear RGB = (51, 58, 19)
Gray Plaster	◼	sRGB = 818181 Linear RGB = 383838	sRGB = (129, 129, 129) Linear RGB = (57, 57, 57)
Brick	◼	sRGB = 947d75 Linear RGB = 4b342d	sRGB = (148, 125, 117) Linear RGB = (77, 53, 46)
Old Concrete	◼	sRGB = 878883 Linear RGB = 3e3f3a	sRGB = (135, 136, 131) Linear RGB = (63, 64, 59)
Gray Paint	◼	sRGB = a3a3a3 Linear RGB = 5d5d5d	sRGB = (163, 163, 163) Linear RGB = (95, 95, 95)
Sand	◼	sRGB = b1a784 Linear RGB = 70623b	sRGB = (177, 167, 132) Linear RGB = (114, 100, 60)
Clean Cement	◼	sRGB = c0bfbb Linear RGB = 86857f	sRGB = (192, 191, 187) Linear RGB = (137, 135, 129)
Rough Wood	◼	sRGB = e0c7a8 Linear RGB = be9264	sRGB = (224, 199, 168) Linear RGB = (192, 148, 102)

Metallic Albedo Values GUIDE

MATERIAL	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES
Gold	◼	sRGB = ffe29b Linear RGB = ffc253	sRGB = (255, 226, 155) Linear RGB = (255, 196, 85)
Iron	◼	sRGB = c4c7c7 Linear RGB = 8d9292	sRGB = (196, 199, 199) Linear RGB = (143, 148, 148)
Copper	◼	sRGB = fad0c0 Linear RGB = f4a186	sRGB = (250, 208, 192) Linear RGB = (244, 163, 137)
Silver	◼	sRGB = fcfaf5 Linear RGB = f9f4e9	sRGB = (252, 250, 245) Linear RGB = (248, 244, 234)
Cobalt	◼	sRGB = d3d2cf Linear RGB = a6a49f	sRGB = (211, 210, 207) Linear RGB = (168, 166, 161)
Aluminum	◼	sRGB = f5f6f6 Linear RGB = e9ebeb	sRGB = (245, 246, 246) Linear RGB = (234, 236, 236)
Titanium	◼	sRGB = c1bab1 Linear RGB = 887d70	sRGB = (193, 186, 177) Linear RGB = (138, 127, 114)
Chromium	◼	sRGB = c2c3c3 Linear RGB = 8a8b8b	sRGB = (194, 195, 195) Linear RGB = (140, 142, 141)
Platinum	◼	sRGB = d5d0c8 Linear RGB = aaa193	sRGB = (213, 208, 200) Linear RGB = (172, 163, 149)
Nickel	◼	sRGB = d3cbbe Linear RGB = a69883	sRGB = (211, 203, 190) Linear RGB = (168, 154, 133)

ALBEDO LUMINANCE GUIDE

LUMINANCE FORMULA (Y CHANNEL)

( (0.3 * Normalized R Channel) + (0.59 * Normalized G Channel) + (0.11 * Normalized B Channel) ) = Normalized Luminance Value
(Normalized Luminance Value * 255) = Luminance Channel Value

MATERIAL	COLOR SWATCH	HEXADECIMAL VALUES	RGB CHANNEL VALUES	NORMALIZED VALUES
Silver	◼	sRGB = fafafa Linear RGB = f4f4f4	sRGB = 250 Linear RGB = 244	sRGB = 0.98 Linear RGB = 0.957
Aluminum	◼	sRGB = f6f6f6 Linear RGB = ebebeb	sRGB = 246 Linear RGB = 235	sRGB = 0.965 Linear RGB = 0.922
Gold	◼	sRGB = e6e6e6 Linear RGB = cacaca	sRGB = 230 Linear RGB = 202	sRGB = 0.902 Linear RGB = 0.792
Copper	◼	sRGB = d9d9d9 Linear RGB = b1b1b1	sRGB = 217 Linear RGB = 177	sRGB = 0.851 Linear RGB = 0.694
Cobalt	◼	sRGB = d2d2d2 Linear RGB = a4a4a4	sRGB = 210 Linear RGB = 164	sRGB = 0.824 Linear RGB = 0.643
Platinum	◼	sRGB = d0d0d0 Linear RGB = a1a1a1	sRGB = 208 Linear RGB = 161	sRGB = 0.816 Linear RGB = 0.631
Nickel	◼	sRGB = cccccc Linear RGB = 9a9a9a	sRGB = 204 Linear RGB = 154	sRGB = 0.8 Linear RGB = 0.604
Rough Wood	◼	sRGB = cbcbcb Linear RGB = 989898	sRGB = 203 Linear RGB = 152	sRGB = 0.796 Linear RGB = 0.596
Iron	◼	sRGB = c6c6c6 Linear RGB = 909090	sRGB = 198 Linear RGB = 144	sRGB = 0.776 Linear RGB = 0.565
Chromium	◼	sRGB = c3c3c3 Linear RGB = 8b8b8b	sRGB = 195 Linear RGB = 139	sRGB = 0.765 Linear RGB = 0.545
Clean Cement	◼	sRGB = bfbfbf Linear RGB = 858585	sRGB = 191 Linear RGB = 133	sRGB = 0.749 Linear RGB = 0.522
Titanium	◼	sRGB = bbbbbb Linear RGB = 7f7f7f	sRGB = 187 Linear RGB = 127	sRGB = 0.733 Linear RGB = 0.498
Sand	◼	sRGB = a7a7a7 Linear RGB = 626262	sRGB = 167 Linear RGB = 98	sRGB = 0.655 Linear RGB = 0.384
Gray Paint	◼	sRGB = a3a3a3 Linear RGB = 5d5d5d	sRGB = 163 Linear RGB = 93	sRGB = 0.639 Linear RGB = 0.365
Old Concrete	◼	sRGB = 878787 Linear RGB = 3e3e3e	sRGB = 135 Linear RGB = 62	sRGB = 0.529 Linear RGB = 0.243
Brick	◼	sRGB = 828282 Linear RGB = 393939	sRGB = 130 Linear RGB = 57	sRGB = 0.51 Linear RGB = 0.224
Gray Plaster	◼	sRGB = 818181 Linear RGB = 383838	sRGB = 129 Linear RGB = 56	sRGB = 0.506 Linear RGB = 0.22
Green Vegetation	◼	sRGB = 7e7e7e Linear RGB = 353535	sRGB = 126 Linear RGB =	sRGB = 0.494 Linear RGB = 0.208
Tree Bark	◼	sRGB = 686868 Linear RGB = 232323	sRGB = 104 Linear RGB = 35	sRGB = 0.408 Linear RGB = 0.137
Varnished Wood	◼	sRGB = 666666 Linear RGB = 222222	sRGB = 102 Linear RGB = 34	sRGB = 0.4 Linear RGB = 0.133
Worn Asphalt	◼	sRGB = 5a5a5a Linear RGB = 1a1a1a	sRGB = 90 Linear RGB = 26	sRGB = 0.353 Linear RGB = 0.102
Dark Soil	◼	sRGB = 424242 Linear RGB = 0d0d0d	sRGB = 66 Linear RGB = 13	sRGB = 0.259 Linear RGB = 0.051
Forged Iron	◼	sRGB = 383838 Linear RGB = 0a0a0a	sRGB = 56 Linear RGB = 10	sRGB = 0.22 Linear RGB = 0.039

ALBEDO SATURATION % GUIDE

SATURATION FORMULA

( ((Max(RGB Channel Value) - Min(RGB Channel Value)) / Max(RGB Channel Value)) * 100 ) = Saturation %

MATERIAL	COLOR SWATCH	SATURATION PERCENT
Varnished Wood	◼	sRGB = 56% Linear RGB = 82%
Dark Soil	◼	sRGB = 42% Linear RGB = 70%
Green Vegetation	◼	sRGB = 40% Linear RGB = 67%
Gold	◼	sRGB = 39% Linear RGB = 67%
Sand	◼	sRGB = 25% Linear RGB = 47%
Rough Wood	◼	sRGB = 25% Linear RGB = 47%
Copper	◼	sRGB = 23% Linear RGB = 45%
Brick	◼	sRGB = 21% Linear RGB = 40%
Tree Bark	◼	sRGB = 20% Linear RGB = 40%
Nickel	◼	sRGB = 10% Linear RGB = 21%
Titanium	◼	sRGB = 8% Linear RGB = 18%
Platinum	◼	sRGB = 6% Linear RGB = 14%
Forged Iron	◼	sRGB = 5% Linear RGB = 9%
Old Concrete	◼	sRGB = 4% Linear RGB = 8%
Silver	◼	sRGB = 3% Linear RGB = 6%
Clean Cement	◼	sRGB = 3% Linear RGB = 5%
Cobalt	◼	sRGB = 2% Linear RGB = 4%
Iron	◼	sRGB = 2% Linear RGB = 3%
Chromium	◼	sRGB = 1% Linear RGB = 1%
Aluminum	◼	sRGB = 1% Linear RGB = 1%
Worn Asphalt	◼	sRGB = 0% Linear RGB = 0%
Gray Plaster	◼	sRGB = 0% Linear RGB = 0%
Gray Paint	◼	sRGB = 0% Linear RGB = 0%